Reaching one's range

Regular neutral networks outperform robust ones by reaching their top growth rate more quickly

We study the relative importance of “top-speed” (long-term growth rate) and “acceleration” (how quickly the long-term growth rate can be reached) in the evolutionary race to increase population size. We observe that fitness alone does not capture growth rate: robustness, a property of neutral network shape, combines with fitness to include the effect of deleterious mutations, giving growth rate...

Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of norbornan-7-ones: long-range substituent effects on regioselectivity

Baeyer–Villiger (BV) oxidation is a commonly employed reaction for the transformation of ketones into esters/lactones by organic peroxy acids or hydrogen peroxide. The BV reaction is extensively used since when it is suitably juxtaposed in a synthetic sequence, it can lead to the shortening of carbon chains, amplification of functionality in carbocyclic rings and chains, and transformation of c...

The Ones We Know and the Ones We Don’t

When you open your eyes in the morning, you usually see what you expect to see. Often it will be your bedroom, with things where you left them before you went to sleep. What if you opened your eyes and unexpectedly found yourself in a steaming tropical jungle? Why do we have expectations about what is about to happen to us? Why do we get surprised when something unexpected happens to us? More g...

Reaching the betz limit experimentally and numerically

The Betz theory expresses that no horizontal axis wind turbine can extract more than 16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy of the wind. The factor 16/27 (0.593) is known as the Betz limit. Horizontal Axis wind turbine designers try to improve the power performance to reach the Betz limit. Modern operational wind turbines achieve at peak 75% to 80% of the Betz limit. In 1919, Albert Betz used an a...

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